The Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant

Theres a ghostly remnant of star death out there in the night-time sky. It cant be seen with the naked eye. However, stargazers can glimpse it through a  telescope. It looks like a faint wisp of light, and astronomers have long  called it the Crab Nebula. The Ghostly Remains of a Dead Star This faint, fuzzy-looking object is all that remains of a massive star that died in a supernova explosion thousands of years ago. The most famous recent image of this cloud of hot gas and dust was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope  and shows amazing detail of the expanding cloud. Thats not quite how it looks from a backyard-type telescope, but its still worth searching out from November through March each year. The Crab Nebula lies about 6,500 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Taurus. The debris cloud has been expanding ever since the original explosion, and now it covers an area of space about 10 light-years across. People often ask if the Sun will explode like this. Thankfully, the answer is no.  Its not massive enough to create such a sight. Our star will end its days as a planetary nebula.   The Crab Through History For anyone alive in the year 1054, the Crab would have been so bright they could see it in the daytime.  It was easily the brightest object in the sky, besides the Sun and Moon, for several months. Then, as all supernova explosions do, it began to fade. Chinese astronomers noted its presence in the sky as a guest star, and its thought that the Anasazi people who lived in the U.S. desert southwest also noted its presence. Weirdly enough, there are NO mentions of it in European histories of the time, which is somewhat odd, since there WERE people observing the sky.  Some historians have suggested that perhaps wars and famines kept people from paying much attention to celestial sights. Whatever, the reasons, the historical mentions of this awesome sight were pretty limited.   The Crab Nebula got its name in 1840 when William Parsons, the Third Earl of Rosse, using a 36-inch telescope, created a drawing of a nebula he spotted that he thought looked like a crab. With the 36-inch telescope, he was not able to fully resolve the colored web of hot gas around the pulsar. But, he tried again a few years later with a bigger telescope and then he could see greater detail. He noted that his earlier drawings were not representative of the true structure of the nebula, but the name Crab Nebula was already popular.   What Made the Crab What It Is Today? The Crab belongs to a class of objects called supernova remnants (which astronomers shorten down to SNR). They are created when a star many times the mass of the Sun collapses in on itself and then rebounds out in a catastrophic explosion. This is called a supernova. Why does the star do this?  Massive stars eventually run out of fuel in their cores at the same time they are losing their outer layers to space. That expansion of the stellar material is called mass loss, and it actually begins long before the star dies. It gets more intense as the star ages, and so astronomers recognize mass loss as a hallmark of a star that is aging and dying, particularly if theres a LOT of it happening. At some point, the outward pressure from the core cant hold back the massive weight of the outer layers, They collapse in and then everything blasts back out in a violent burst of energy. That sends huge amounts of stellar material out to space. This forms the â€Å"remnant† that we see today. The leftover core of the star keeps contracting under its own gravity. Eventually, it forms a new type  of object called a neutron star. The Crab Pulsar The neutron star  at the heart of the Crab is very small, probably just a few miles across. But it is extremely dense. If someone had a can of soup filled with neutron star material, it would have about the same mass as Earths Moon!   The pulsar itself is roughly in the center of the nebula and spins very fast,  about 30 times a second. Rotating neutron stars like this are called pulsars (derived from the words PULSating stARS). The pulsar inside the Crab  is one of the most powerful ever observed. It injects so much energy into the nebula that astronomers can detect light streaming away from the cloud in virtually every wavelength, from low-energy radio photons to the highest energy  gamma rays. The Pulsar Wind Nebula The Crab Nebula is also referred to as a pulsar wind nebula or PWN. A PWN is a nebula that is created by the material that is ejected by a pulsar interacting with random interstellar gas and the pulsar’s own magnetic field. PWNs are often difficult to distinguish from SNRs, since they often look very similar. In some cases, objects will appear with a PWN but no SNR. The Crab Nebula contains a PWN inside the SNR, and it appears as a sort of cloudy area in the middle of the HST image. Astronomers continue to study the Crab and chart the outward motion of its remnant clouds. The pulsar remains an object of great interest, as well as the material its lighting up as it swings its searchlight-like beam around during its rapid spin.      Edited by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1496 Words

Everyone sins. This is a well-known and true fact. Whether it is lying to a peer or causing a car accident, everybody sins everyday. The early Puritans of the 16th century were strong believers in everyday sin and writers showed the Puritan way of life in their books, many of which are considered classics. Three characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter—Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Pearl—all represent a sin that is revealed through their actions or the actions of others. Hester Prynne’s sin of adultery is revealed to all at the beginning of the novel. Because her sin is revealed, she can peacefully live her life without the shame of unspoken sin. People still judge her harshly, but she can stand upright before them†¦show more content†¦She is cast out by the people in the town, yet continues to serve in the community as best she can. She is a righteous woman who willingly chose to commit adultery and is working to repent or s how her remorse by serving others. In a conversation between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale, they discuss the attitude of Hester. Chillingworth asks if Hester is less miserable by revealing her sin because she â€Å"hath none of that mystery of hidden sinfulness which [is deemed] so grievous to be borne† (123). Dimmesdale agrees â€Å"it must needs be better for the sufferer to be free to show his pain, as this poor woman Hester is, than to cover it up in his heart† (123). These men agree Hester is happier because she has revealed her sin and does not live with the anguish of a hidden transgression. She does, however, have to live with the people who have judged her harshly for her actions. â€Å"Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came in contact, implied, and often expressed, that she was banished† (77-78). Yet even in her banishment, Hester â€Å"bestowed all her superfluous means in charity† (77) and sews clothes for t he poor, who also resented her. Even though Hester has revealed her sin and feels like a better person herself, the people treat her badly now that they know her horrible sin and her future seems inauspicious. She also feels like a better person because she has

The Careless Society ( John Mcknight ) free essay sample

Reviews work on corruption of community medical system by creation of diseases, expansion of health service sector and the curricularization of health education. The Careless Society: Community and Its Counterfeits, by John McKnight, is a collection of lectures and articles written from 1972 to 1992 by the author. McKnight is the director of the Community Studies Program at the Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research at Northwestern University. He uses his experience working in communities and at the center as the basis for most of the book. The work is not a scholarly text, but a series of observations and opinions based on McKnights experiences which he supports by examples, studies, and anecdotes. The problems he addresses include street crime, poverty, ill health, and the despair people face when they feel powerless and alone. McKnight criticizes the social service industry for many of the items on this list. He suggests that providing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Careless Society ( John Mcknight ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Venezula Essays - Socialist International, Rmulo Betancourt

Venezula Venezuela The history of Venezuela has been a long and often turbulent one. It is filled with exploration, religion, and shifts of government. But, the movement from dictatorship to democracy is the most significant. The move from dictatorship to democracy is the most significant point in Venezuela's history because of the people's extreme opposition of the dictators, the time period when the first election of a democratic president, and the election of Romulo Betancourt. If the people of a country are opposed to the government, it will not be successful. A main reason why dictatorship didn't work was because of the people's hate of the form of government and the dictators that run it. Between 1908 and 1935, General Juan Gomez ruled by repression and terror. The government had been a dictatorship since the 19th century (?Gomez died in 1935. Venezuelans danced in the streets when they heard of his death.? Johan Kohen Winter, 24). Nineteen thirty-six through 1948 marked the first time the country of Venezuela was ruled democratically. These years were times of political unrest. Then from 1950 to 1958 another dictator, General Marcos Perez Jimenez, came into power. His term is remembered by corruption and brutal suppression of the opposition as well as taking a step back in the progress toward democracy. This is great because it marked the first time that the people began to organize to oppose and try to change the government (?For the first time, between the 1930's and 50's the people began to organize themselves into unions and political parties, uniting in opposition to Jimenez.? Marion Morrison, 48). The election of Romulo Betancourt was the most important move toward democracy. This set the stage for democratic presidents as well as the countries' first major political party, Accion Democratica. This party, along with the Christian Democratic party, are the only political parties that have ever had candidates elected. Despite a coup in government (military takeover) in 1948, the Accion Democratica had one of its candidates in office for the next ten years (?This was a significant point in Venezuelan history. For the first time, a political party-Accion Democratica-was in government, together with a group of military officers and backed by the support of the Venezuelan people.? Morrison, 48). The history of Venezuela has been long and hard. Through it all, though, democracy came through. When a government has the backing of the people, it works and is successful. This is just another instance of the tried-and-true government idea of democracy. American History Essays

Labor History in the United States Of America

Labor History in the United States Of America After the American Civil War that lasted from 1861 to 1865, American industrial workers wanted to enlarge their rights at workplaces and be able to create strong labor unions to improve the quality of the work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor History in the United States Of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the beginning of 1990s, a considerable part of workers died each year because of poor working conditions: accidents at factories and mines, constant injuring, and inconveniencies with work. Industrial workers hoped that numerous labor unions would provide them with safety at working places and the families of killed people with the necessary financial support and other benefits. The international influence of the United States started rising at the beginning of 1910s and lasts until now. Rising of American impact considerably influenced the vast majority of American industrial workers; the processe s of mobilization, liberal consensus, and nationalism affected American labor unions in different ways: on the one hand, these changes advanced workers’ rights by providing the benefits, and on the other hand, they hurt workers’ interests and cause numerous misunderstandings. The influence of America has been powerful for a long period of time. It is a nation full of immigrants and industrial workers from the whole world. The United States opens its gates to lots of people and provides them with an opportunity to earn for living. However, at the beginning of 1900s, the situation was a bit different: people, who came to the United States faced lots of problems, Asian and Mexican workers had to pass a strong control to visit the country and start working. Some people just had no chance but accept all the conditions offered by the American government in order to find some job; usually it was work at factories and mines including running the machines. Native American indus trial workers faced certain problems with work as well. For the government, it was easier to hire people from other countries in order to pay less money and use the same labor force. This is why rising of the international influence of the United States attracted too many people from different countries, and Native American industrial workers got less opportunities to get good jobs. â€Å"The use of undocumented workers as a highly exploited or reserve labor sources† (Ngai, 58) – this is what was inherent to those times and was the major obstacle for American workers.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the beginning of the 20th century, one of the most significant conflicts in the labor movement was a conflict between the representatives of craft unions and industrial unions. Craft unions, also known as trade unions, restricted the membership in unions to specifi c traders: shoemakers, plumbers, etc. In their turn, industrial unions were such organizations, which were eager to accept the workers of any ranks: skilled and unskilled. The representatives of the Knights of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World may serve as the best and well-known labor union organizations, which made a certain impact on the rising of industrial workers in the United States. The conflict between those labor organizations was considerable, and in order to smooth it, John L. Lewis decided to organize the Committee for Industrial Organizations (C. I. O.) and tried to organize all unskilled workers into one group. Black workers were also eager to join this organization in order to have more or less stable position at the labor-markets. After all, the industrial workers won their independence by means of violent fights and mobilization of their memberships. Mobilization is a process of gathering people into the certain groups with common interests and purposes . Lewis chose one of the most effective ways to achieve the desirable results and created a membership of works of different levels. Because of its simplicity and clear marking of the purpose, lots of workers started joining that union. Nationalism is one more factor that influenced the development of American labor. Nationalism is defined as an ideology that focuses on the interests of the nations. It is probably one of the strongest phenomena inherent to each country. National flags, armies, and anthems – all this is a banal example of nationalism. The idea of one race, ethnicity, and even one language was also crucially important to the American industrial workers. As for nationalism of American industrial workers, one the one hand, it advanced their interests and helped to achiever the set purposes and achieve the equality in the labor market. One the other hand, the idea of nationalism was not the only leading factor in the development of American labor. In fact, the ide a of mobilization was the initial one, and in order to win craft unions, industrial unions had to be united without taking into account the ethnicity factor. Due to this simple fact, Native American industrial workers should put aside their personal preferences and use as more people as possible to gain the desirable recognition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor History in the United States Of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most important ideologies, which played the final role in the development of the American industrial labor, is the idea of the liberal consensus. Cold War and liberalism that was one of this war’s main objectives turned out to be the dominant paradigm in the United States. â€Å"At times, a confluence of economic, social, cultural, and political factors has impelled major shifts in societys understanding (and construction) of race and its constitutive role in nat ional identity formation. The Civil War was obviously one of those times; the present multicultural moment is another.† (Ngai 7) In general, the rising of the international influence of the United States considerable affected the vast majority of the American industrial workers. The process of mobilization of both skilled and unskilled workers of different race and gender advanced the interests of American labor and encourage them to work and present more effective production. The war between craft unions and industrial unions, described in the works by Mae Ngai and Eileen Boris, the liberal consensus, which put the final full stop in the labor conflict, and American workers’ nationalism – this is what was crucially important during the 1910s till the 1990s. Between 1924 and 1965, the times analyzed by Ngai, the restriction policies did not concentrate on exclusion of the unskilled workers. Their major purpose was to determine geographical and racial gaps between the workers in order to abolish the rights of the illegal aliens and underline the importance of the national origins of the workers. Civil War was rather predictable, taking into consideration the situation between the unions and inhabitants. â€Å"Cold War liberalism’s emphasis on America’s image abroad narrowed the concept of immigration reform to a question of formal equality.† (Ngai 245) The results of that war put the end of the war for independence, equality of rights, and freedom. Boris, E., Lichtenstein, N. Major Problems in the History of American Workers: Documents and Essays. D. C. Heath, 1991.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ngai M.M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton University Press, 2004

Judaism and Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judaism and Divorce - Essay Example Although divorce in the United States of America is governed primarily by state laws, religion also plays an important role when many people consider divorce as an option. This is true whether the married couple is Christian, Jewish, Mormon, or attached to any other religious institution. What results is a multi-layered approach to divorce in which religious scripture exists alongside state law as a governing set of principles and processes. Of particular interest is when religious doctrine cannot be neatly harmonized with secular state laws; this is significant because there are instances, such as in the case of Judaism, when a civil divorce is granted under a state's laws but not granted pursuant to Jewish doctrine. The consequences can be especially difficult for Jewish women. This essay will examine this multi-layered approach to divorce, the tension that can exist between religious scripture and state divorce law, and how divorce among Jews compares with people from other religi ons. As a preliminary matter, divorce must be considered within a legal context. In the United States that means a combination of federal and state law; in the case of divorce, state laws are fundamentally controlling. Indeed, as stated by a leading scholar in the field, "Judges, scholars and practitioners commonly assume that family law decisions are quintessentially matters of state law. For example, a common theme of the Supreme Court's federalism decisions is the assertion that "family law (including marriage, divorce, and child custody).

Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture Essay

Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture - Essay Example The Poles believe that only older people have the experience and knowledge to be managers. In addition, it is also more difficult to earn the trust of Poles compared to Americans who are more sociable and trusting. Poles are also more formal in their communication than Americans are while they also expect to have a clear distinction between families and work (Cullen, 2011). In the latter case, they view extra hours at work as being intrusive on their family life. Finally, Polish managers will most likely utilize negative feedback and criticism, instead of giving positive feedback, as a means of motivation. Apply Hofstede’s and the 7d cultural dimension models to explain the cultural differences noted in the case Clearly, the first main difference in Poland is that they possess a power distance society that is higher than in the US. This explains the basis of evaluations or promotions on trustworthiness, while also explaining why they do not like work and seem to accept inequal ity, which, in turn, drives general distrust (Cullen, 2011). The second big difference is that Poland, compared to the US, is a country with high uncertainty avoidance. This helps to explain the reason why Poles value age and seniority. For instance, seniority is used to promote workers, thus reducing uncertainty. Using the 7d model, the first big difference is the neutral dimension. Poland scores highly to provide an explanation for their formal nature. In neutral cultures, people work without revealing feelings or thoughts, while also being under more control. The achievement dimension also varies with lower scores for Poland, explaining why they prefer seniority, as well as their preference for titles (Cullen, 2011). Finally, the difference is critical with regards to internal control with Poland scoring one hundred. This shows their decreased tolerance for volatility and their increased drive to control the environment. Analyze institutional explanations for how the Polish worke rs react to U.S. management style In this case, the most significant explanation involves institutional effects that communism left on Poles and the manner in which it affected its workers. For example, the former communist regimes in Poland saw a dependence on affiliations and connections for success, rather than performance (Cullen, 2011), explaining why they desire to be managers without qualifications. In addition, communist societies oversaw a system that had little or no institutional structures that were meant to guarantee exchange (Cullen, 2011). Therefore, Poles are less trusting of others, preferring to rely on personal affiliations. This low level of trust is also a good explanation for the reason why Poles do not favour teamwork. All new workers in Poland are considered as competition, which makes it difficult to build trust that is, in turn, essential for team building. Finally, the effects of the former communist regime also explain why there is little positive feedbac k between managers and workers. This could also explain their preference for public statements on salaries, which is meant to give them an idea of their status and standing (Cullen, 2011). Recommend the types of cultural adaptations to the U.S. expatriate managers regarding their management styles Working in Poland, expatriate US managers should have more respected for older workers and managers, while also