The US Economy

Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gender Stereotypes Essay

In today’s society there has always been a struggle for equality, especially when it came to equality between sexes. It was the fight between which gender was more superior than the other. Males won the battle of the sexes and women had to fight hard for their freedom of equality and right to vote. Even though today women are no longer restricted, like they were once were, they are still unable to achieve their dreams. This is from the gender role-stereotypes. These stereotypes affect their everyday life, school work, and even career choices. Question are often asked about gender stereotypes like ‘Where did these stereotypes first originate?’ Is there any truth to these stereotypes? If gender wasn’t known would there still be stereotypes? How can we stop stereotypes labeling gender? Many scientists thought hard about those questions until they came up with an experiment to answer those questions. Scientists A. Mulac, Berryman, and Wilcox wanted to see if one can identify one’s sex. They did this through written messages. They constructed a two type sex typical message. The readers found that the male speaker was more commanding and less accommodating. As for the female message, readers found that the message was judged more and more valuable than the male message. The results showed that readers favored the female’s message over the males (Mulac, Inconto, and James 1098). From there Mulac wanted to see if the gender was not known about the speaker how would the listenerShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gender Stereotypes1588 Words   |  7 Pagestoday holds many stereotypes, and sometimes people will rebel against the stereotypes in order to embrace the individual and oppose social norms. However, some stereotypes are harder to rebel against than other. A stereotype that might be harder to break, either because the people who believe in that stereotype are too ignorant to look past it or because the people who need to rebel are not able to, is gender based stereotypes. One example of this type of stereotype is when gender roles appear inRead MoreGender, Stereotypes, And Stereotypes Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven rules. We are taught that straying away from stereotypes is anything but good and encouraged to build our lives upon only these social rules. Recently, stereotypes based on genders have been put into the limelight and have become of high interest to a generation that is infamously known for deviating from the established way of life. Millennials have put gender roles under fire, deeming it a form of segregation and discrimination by gender. Researchers have followed suit. Mimicking millennialRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Gender And Stereotypes Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes emerge across time and throughout different cultures and typically they are ascribed to individuals in order to conform to sociocultural ideas and biological norms (Johnston Diekman, 2015). This behaviour is often influenced upon individual s in the earliest stages of life when a infant is not yet capable of expressing his or her own preferences in terms of gender identity, leaving the young child s parents and other adults to choose for them (Pomerleau, et al., 1990).Read MoreGender Stereotypes1352 Words   |  6 Pagesname of Tyler. I am a walking victim of Gender Stereotyping. For as long as I can rememb er I have been stereotyped by my name and always have heard â€Å"Tyler is a boy name†, â€Å"I thought you were a boy when I heard your name† growing up my name was always questioned and people always would ask me the question of â€Å"why did your mom name you Tyler?† After 20 years of life, I am still faced with the question of â€Å"isn’t Tyler a boy name?† I am a walking Gender Stereotype. I have often come to even ask myselfRead MoreGender Roles : Stereotypes And Stereotypes1873 Words   |  8 PagesI will investigate gender roles alongside misogyny and sexism examining how ideologies have changed overtime focusing on negative and positive representations of women compared to men through crime dramas. Since the feminist movement in the 70’s various crime dramas have increasing numbers of smart, strong leading female protagonists which is now seen as acceptable, advancing contemporary portrayals of women in television by not conforming to stereotypes eradicating them, helping to battle outdatedRead MoreGender Stereotypes1012 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of gender stereotypes in children at home and school There are a lot of parents and teachers who communicate gender stereotypes to children while they interact. We also see how parents interact with boys and girls differently based on their gender. For example, some parents want their children to know that anything with pink is for girls, and blue is for boys. They observe what their parents can do at home, how and in what level their parents communicate to each other, what kindRead MoreGender Stereotypes1847 Words   |  8 PagesLiving in 21st century United States, being a  much more liberal  and inclusive environment than prior decades, gender â€Å"roles† and their normalities are being severely questioned and challenged. Americans have defined and established gender stereotypes that have become a critical part of how we look at gender roles and create biases about each gender. Stereotypes assume people who belong to a group will appear, behave, look, speak or sound like others from that group. The values, norms, practicesRead MoreGender Stereotypes732 Words   |  3 Pagessingle-sex schools. UV published that boys who attended single-sex schools were twice as likely to pursue interests and careers in subjects such as art, music, drama and foreign languages. In this study, the boys studied were of comparable ability. Gender stereotypes are less constraining at single sex schools, allowing students to explore their strengths. (Novotney, 2011) Although this study is viable, I would disagree with the numbers, I don’t believe that they are twice as likely to pursue interestsRead MoreGender And Gender Stereotypes1150 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes are fallacious claims that seem to be inevitable. Labels on individuals create many barriers for their progress in their everyday lives. Aside from assaults of all kinds and being demoted on a regular basis, women are treated unfairly and are seen in a dominant position for stereotypical matters. Jobs and hard work seem to be male do minated fields only. Though they do get pushed down in certain circumstances, it is not as nearly as much as women do. Gender discrimination influencesRead MoreGender And Gender Stereotypes1141 Words   |  5 PagesGender and race stereotypes are primordial. They have existed forever and are still prevalent in today’s society. The most prominent of these are feminine, masculine, and race stereotypes. With these stereotypes, it can easily be demeaning and make people feel trapped. Films, childrens books, literacy, and fairy tales often convey these stereotypes. Females have been seen as the lesser gender for years. Women are seen as weak, insecure, and dependent people. They are most typically portrayed as

Coastal Processes at East Coast Park Singapore free essay sample

An Investigation Into Coastal Processes At East Coast Park Introduction What is the aim ? To investigate the processes that shape the coastline of the beach at East Coast Park , Singapore. What is the hypothesis ? The hypothesis for this study was that â€Å"natural processes are the only processes shaping the coastline at East Coast Park† Where was the 0ieldwork carried out ? This ieldwork was carried out in the city state of Singapore .Located just 1? above the equator , , the nation is an island country in South East Asia surrounded by Malaysia, Indonesia and Borneo . East Coast Park itself is one of Singapore’s most frequented outdoor destinations . Miles of bicycle and walking paths , food courts , barbecue pits and man- ­? made Singaporean beaches await those who arrive here. These beaches have cement breakwaters along the coastline to reduce the effects of longshore drift. At East Coast Park , the two beaches from where we gathered data were Beach 22 ( AKA Beach 1) and a beach adjacent to BBQ Pit 65F( AKA Beach 2) . Data was taken at two separate points at each of these sites(A and B). Below is a map of these beaches and co- ­? ordinates of the sites. Co- ­? ordinates : B1A= 012748(red cross) B1B= 12748(red circle with dot) B2A= 012814(red cross) B2B= 012814(red circle with dot) Why was this hypothesis studied ? This hypothesis was studied to in order to enable its students to investigate the sheer scope of processes that affect the shape of a coastline . Having divided the hypothesis into natural and man- ­? made processes , the students were not enforced to have any restrictions on the processes they investigate and as a result , the students of the hypothesis would have ended up having a more complete knowledge of the processes affecting East Coast Park . Predictions for Coastal Processes East Coast Park’s beaches were built on land reclaimed from the ocean . This man- ­? made nature of the beach gives indication of the fact the man made processes should technically affect the beach as much , if not more , than the natural processes. Although the human impact has potentially been inluential at the beach , processes such as erosion, transportation, and deposition still take place at the beach and their predicted effects are discussed below. Singapore is an island surrounded by Malaysia in the north, Borneo in the southeast and Indonesia in the southwest. Albeit an island , it is pretty much locked in erms of the wind and therefore wave energy it can attract . The potential to attract wind and wave energy is instrumental in understanding the possible levels of longshore drift occurring at East Coast park . Longshore drift is a process wherein sediment is transported along the direction of the wind , and helps shape coastlines naturally the world over . Due to the lack of wind and wave energy from all of this energy having been intercepted through high altitudes in Borneo , Malaysia and Indonesia , longshore drift wouldnt have a major effect on the coastline of East Coast Park . Eroding and transporting rocesses could potentially have an effect on the shape of the coastline . Hydraulic action occurs when wave energy â€Å"pounds† on the coastline . Due to the low wave energy due to the lack of a major fetch coming into Singapore , this process will not affect the coastline. This process is not very relevant to East Coast as the beach is man- ­? made and there is very little or no wave energy. Abrasion is the physical wearing and grinding of a surface through friction of the load and the material carried in air and water. However, as the southeast of Singapore is surrounded by land in all directions, there is very ittle air and water movement, limiting the coastline to be shaped by abrasion. The East Coast Park beach is man- ­? made, and as a result the sea water may contain many chemicals which contribute to corrosion- ­? the chemical wearing down of the beach and the material in the water itself due to the acidity. However, attrition should not be evident as the water is very calm due to the lack of energy . As it is a man- ­? made beach, there is very little sediment and load in the sea. Sediment and load normally build up over time , and with the natural beaches we ;ind in the world , they have had millions of ears to have gotten to the stage where they are , and as a result have the amounts of sediment and load nearby as they do . For a beach built on reclaimed land in the 20th Century to be the same is highly unlikely , and this explains the potential transportation processes which will have an effect on the beach . Solution is a process by which the sediment is dissolved in the water and dries once on land . Due to the small nature of the particles , and the potential chemicals derived from the beach as a r esult of human intervention in building the beach , this process should be the most common transportation rocess found at East Coast Park . Also , solution , due to its dissolving nature , has very little effect in shaping the coastline. Suspension and Saltation are process wherein you the sediment is carried through the water . This is possible , and could effect the coastline at East Coast park , but not as much as Traction . Now traction has a pronounced effect on coastlines due the heavy and large nature of these stones , which when bumped into coastlines can cause erosion by attrition . But the very nature of these stones , large and heavy , will prevent it from having appeared in a relatively young beach ike those at East Coast Park . Recent news articles suggest the dangerous , receding nature of the coastline of East Coast Park’s beaches . For this reason , it is safe to predict that the waves found at the beaches along East Coast Park will be destructive in their nat ure . This is because destructive waves , as the names suggest , are erosional waves . Due to these waves having a stronger backwash than swash , they will take back sediment with them into the sea , and depending on the strength of the longshore drift at East Coast Park , will be carried on to other beaches . Due to the presence of oil tankers n Singapore’s East Coast , the wave energy will be further decreased this is evidence of a man made process having had an effect as a result of preventing the effect of wave energy and possible erosion on the East Coast shoreline. The breakwaters present at East Coast Park’s beaches are again potential evidence of man made processes affecting the shoreline . As the name suggests , these items would â€Å"break† the water , lessening the energy upon impact with the shoreline , and again reducing rates of erosion . Method Which coastal processes were measured and why ? Longshore Drift - ­? Longshore drift , as entioned pr eviously , is an integral coastal process. These results were collected to see where and how longshore drift was occurring . The direction and speed were observed to see if it affects the shape of the beach. For example, if the orange ;loated towards the South East direction, and the bearing of the wing was in a South East direction , we would know that longshore drift was following the fetch , and was not being intervened by any man- ­? made processes or constructions. Swash and Backwash - ­? This set of data was collected to see what types of waves were present at each site . After measuring he swash and backwash , it was evident whether the waves were constructive and of a depositional nature or destructive and causing erosion . If the swash we measured was larger than the backwash , we knew the waves were constructive and if the backwash was larger , we would know that the waves were destructive and therefore eroding away at the coastline of the beaches. Wavelength and Ampli tude - ­? This data was collected in order to determine the wave energy of East Coast Park. Due to Singapore’s proximity to land on all sides and the dominance of oil tankers along the coast , it was predicted that there ould be a low wave energy . Short wavelengths and high amplitudes would suggest a high wave energy as the horizontal energy is replaced by the vertical energy causing stronger wave crashes. Angle Of The Beach - ­? As the aim is to investigate the different processes shaping the coastline of East Coast Park, the beach pro;ile is necessary to show the change in gradient of a beach .A steep beach pro;ile would indicate the dominance of destructive waves and erosion. Similarly, subtle elevations indicate constructive waves and deposition . How were these processes measured ? Longshore Drift - ­? An orange as placed in water for 90 seconds(timed with a stopwatch) , and using a tape measure with 25cm segments , the distance it travelled was measured. A compas s was used to identify the direction in which LSD occurred. Swash and Backwash- ­? Done using a simple piece of apparatus known as the wavometer. A large protractor was loosely screwed onto a bamboo pole and each the marking were evident on this protractor after every measurement (which was taken when the crest hit the protractor for the swash , and when the backwash had completely gone back into the ocean) Wavelength - ­? A measurement was taken starting rom the time a crest of wave came into contact with the feet of the student measuring and ending when the next crest came into contact. The measurement was taken using a stopwatch. Amplitude - ­? A measurement was taken from the trough to the crest of a wave using a ranging pole with 50cm segments. Angle of the Beach - ­? The angle was measured from the water line till the end of the sand . At the start and end of this measurement , two ranging poles of 2m height were placed , and the angle from the one closer to sea to the pole closer to the land was measured using a device called a clinometer. A clinometer

Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers. Answer: Introduction: The annual rainfall and climate of the country Singapore has been analyzed in this report. The country Singapore is located in tropical rainforest region. The country is surrounded by sea on all its sides. The region experiences maritime climate all over the year. There are no distinct seasons. The country also experiences moderate temperature and huge amount of rainfall all over the year. The average temperature of the country is about 88 degree Farenheight. The country is located to the south of the Equator. December and January are the coldest month while the April and May are the hottest month (Xavier et al. 2014). In this report, the climate of the country Singapore is being studied. The temperature, humidity, rainfall of the country is being analyzed using various statistical techniques. The report will help to get an idea about the overall climate of the country. The calculations, charts and analysis for this report has been done using excel software. The main research question considered for this report is: Is there any relationship between the temperature and humidity? Is there any relationship between the sulphur di oxide and nitrogen di oxide content and air temperature? Is there any relationship between the rainfall and bright sunshine? Data Analysis, results and discussion: The descriptive statistics measures helps to get an idea about the dataset. The summary statistics measures include the measures of central tendency, dispersion, histogram and other graphs and charts. The summary statistics measures have been calculated for the variables amount of rainfall, sunshine, average temperature and others. Temperature(Max) Sunshine Relative humidity Total rainfall Sulpher di oxide content Nitrogen di oxide content Mean 31.42857 Mean 5.614286 Mean 82.42857 Mean 2184.571 Mean 11.42857 Mean 23.71429 Standard Error 0.114879 Standard Error 0.105624 Standard Error 0.739921 Standard Error 150.606 Standard Error 0.649437 Standard Error 0.521641 Median 31.3 Median 5.6 Median 82.9 Median 2159.9 Median 11 Median 24 Mode 31.2 Mode #N/A Mode #N/A Mode #N/A Mode 11 Mode 25 Standard Deviation 0.303942 Standard Deviation 0.279455 Standard Deviation 1.957647 Standard Deviation 398.4661 Standard Deviation 1.718249 Standard Deviation 1.380131 Sample Variance 0.092381 Sample Variance 0.078095 Sample Variance 3.832381 Sample Variance 158775.2 Sample Variance 2.952381 Sample Variance 1.904762 Kurtosis -1.40432 Kurtosis -0.76392 Kurtosis 2.95556 Kurtosis 0.043713 Kurtosis -0.63809 Kurtosis -2.0895 Skewness 0.567796 Skewness -0.01178 Skewness -1.5093 Skewness -0.25177 Skewness 0.168964 Skewness -0.35866 Range 0.8 Range 0.8 Range 6.1 Range 1210 Range 5 Range 3 Minimum 31.1 Minimum 5.2 Minimum 78.5 Minimum 1538.4 Minimum 9 Minimum 22 Maximum 31.9 Maximum 6 Maximum 84.6 Maximum 2748.4 Maximum 14 Maximum 25 Sum 220 Sum 39.3 Sum 577 Sum 15292 Sum 80 Sum 166 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Table 1: Descriptive statistics measures (Source: Created by author) The mean value of the average daily maximum temperature of Singapore is found to be 31.42857. The mean temperature has a deviation of 0.303942. The median value of the temperature is 31.3 degree Celsius and the modal value is 31.2 degree Celsius. The skewness value is 0.567796 and the range of temperature has a negative kurtosis measure. The range of maximum temperature very the years is however very small only 0.8. The summary statistics measures states that the daily Sunshine has a mean value of 5.614826. The mean value has a deviation of 0.279455. The median value of Sunshine is 5.6. The Sunshine value is different for different years from 2008 to 2014. Therefore, there is no modal value of Sunshine. The range of Sunshine over the years is 0.8. The Sunshine variable has almost symmetric distribution the value of skewness being only -0.01178. The country experiences a maritime climate and therefore is expected to have a high value of relative humidity. The average value of relative humidity all over the years is 82.42857 and the median is 82.9. The average value has a deviation of 1.957647 from the mean value. The distribution of relative humidity is negatively skewed indicating that some of the years have a low value of relative humidity. The entire range of relative humidity is 6.1. The mean value of total rainfall of the country over the year is 2184.571 which have a deviation of 398.4661 from the mean value. The skewness value of the distribution is -0.25177. The entire range of observation is 1210. The median value of total rainfall is 2159.9 (cm) which indicates that there is no such outlier present in the observation. The sulpher di oxide content has a mean value of 11.42857 which has a deviation of 1.718249. The entire range of observation is 5 and the distribution is positively skewed. The mean value of Nitrogen di oxide content is 23.71429 and the median value is 24. The modal value of nitrogen di oxide content is 25. The mean value has a deviation of 1.380131. The range of the observation of nitrogen di oxide content is 3. The distribution of sulpher di oxide content is negatively skewed. Discrete random variable: The number of days in te year having rainfall is a discrete random variable. The number of days in the year can take the values 1, 2, 3,........ Out of 365 days in a year, the number of days in the year that is expected to have rainfall is said to follow a binomial distribution. The average number of days in the year that is expected to have rainfall is 180.4286. The proportion of days when the rainfall occurs is 0.493151 or is approximately 0.5. Therefore, a binomial distribution has been fitted by using the parameters n = 365 and p = 0.5. The probability distribution function of the variable is given below: The above graph plots the values of number of rainy days along x axis and the CDF and the PDF values of along the y axis. The PDF values are shown with the help of the red line. The red line shows that the distribution of PDF is approximately symmetric. The CDF of the distribution gradually increases and reaches a maximum value at 1. Inferential statistics: The distribution is said to be normally distributed if the distribution of the values are symmetric. The mean, median and modal values of the normal distribution coincide. The value of skewness for the normal distribution is zero. The value of kurtosis measure for the normal distribution is also zero. The values of the normal distribution are expected to lie within 3 limit. About 99% of the values of normal distribution lie within the 3 limit. The variable average temperature is expected to follow a normal distribution (Kim 2013). The deviation from normality could be best measured with the help of Kurtosis value (Bates et al. 2014). The skewness value for the variable is 0.56776. Therefore, the value is much less and the variable can be assumed to be normally distributed. A test of hypothesis has been conducted for the variable temperature. The average daily maximum temperature of Singapore is 31 degree Celsius. A hypothesis test has been conducted to test this claim. The null hypothesis of the test is H0: = 31 and the alternative hypothesis is H1: 31. The test statistic is given by: t = (x-bar )/(/sqrt(n)). The test statistic is said to follow a normal distribution. As the number of observation is very small, less than 30, the population standard deviation has been approximated by the sample standard deviation. The value of the test statistic is 3.73062. The value of the tabulated z at 5% level of significance is 1.96 for both sided test. The null hypothesis of the test is rejected on the basis of the calculated value of the test. The average temperature cannot be assumed to be 31 degree Celsius. Correlation: The relative humidity and the temperature have some kind of relationship between themselves. As the value of temperature increases, the value of relative humidity decreases and vice versa. The relative humidity is actually a ratio between the pressures of water vapor at a given temperature to the pressure of water vapor at equilibrium. When the temperature is low, the relative humidity is high and when the temperature is high, the relative humidity is low. The Pearsonian correlation has been calculated for temperature and relative humidity. The value of the variable is -0.39935. Therefore, there is a negative correlation between the two variables. The correlation has also been calculated for the variables Sunshine and total rainfall. The rainfall and Sunshine are negatively related. The value of the correlation coefficient has been calculated to be -0.77086. This means as the value of Sunshine increases, the value of rainfall decreases. Regression: The air temperature has a relationship between the Sulpher di oxide content and the Nitrogen di oxide content. The relationship among the variables has been explored with the help of regression analysis. A linear regression line has been fitted for the variables. The regression line obtained from the equation is given below: y = 33.22166 -0.0235 * Sulpher di oxide content 0.06429* Nitrogen di oxide content. The regression equation states that there is a negative relationship between sulpher di oxide content and nitrogen di oxide content and the air temperature. The air temperature decreases as the nitrogen and sulpher di oxide content increases. The R-squared for the regression analysis is 0.151147. Therefore, the model is not a very good fitted model in reducing the error and predicting values from regression equation. The summary statistics measures like mean, standard deviation, variance, skewness and kurtosis measures are being calculated for each of the variables. A test has been conducted to know about the average temperature of the country. The average temperature has been found to be not equal to 31 degree Celsius. The relationship between the air temperature and relative humidity is being studied. It has been found that there is a negative relationship between the temperature and relative humidity. The Sunshine and rainfall is also said to follow a negative relationship. The air temperature is inversely related to the nitrogen di oxide and suplher di oxide concentration in the air. The increase in sulpher di oxide and nitrogen di oxide content decreases the air temperature as is indicated by the results of regression analysis. Conclusion: The report gives an idea about the overall climate of Singapore. Various climates related issues are being studied in this assignment. The country Singapore is located in South of the Equator in tropical region. The country is surrounded by sea on all its sides. The country experiences very high temperature and huge amount of rainfall all over the year. The relative humidity in the country is very high as well (average 82%). The Sulpher di oxide and Nitrogen di oxide content in the air has a negative relationship with air temperature. References: Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. and Walker, S., 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.R package version,1(7). Blanca, M.J., Arnau, J., Lpez-Montiel, D., Bono, R. and Bendayan, R., 2013. Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples.Methodology. Draper, N.R. and Smith, H., 2014.Applied regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Kim, H.Y., 2013. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis.Restorative dentistry endodontics,38(1), pp.52-54. Kim, H.Y., 2013. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis.Restorative dentistry endodontics,38(1), pp.52-54. Regezi, J.A., Sciubba, J.J. and Jordan, R.C., 2016.Oral pathology: clinical pathologic correlations. Elsevier Health Sciences. Xavier, P., Rahmat, R., Cheong, W.K. and Wallace, E., 2014. Influence of Madden?Julian Oscillation on Southeast Asia rainfall extremes: Observations and predictability.Geophysical Research Letters,41(12), pp.4406-4412. Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M.J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., ODonnell, J., Christensen, D.J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J.J. and Takano, T., 2013. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.science,342(6156), pp.373-377.

Our Living Shield The First Amendment Essays - James Madison, Law

Our Living Shield: The First Amendment ? The authors of the Constitution of the United States created a magnificent list of liberties which were, at the time ascribed, to most people belonging to the United States. The main author, James Madison, transported the previous ideas of f undamental liberties from the great libertarians around the world, such as John Lilburne, John Locke, William Walwyn and John Milton. Madison and other previous libertarians of his time were transposed into seventeen different rights which were to be secured to all those in the United States. These seventeen civil liberties were compressed into ten different groupings which were designated as the "Bill of Rights." In this document lay the First Amendment which stated that the people of the Uni ted States had the "freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government..." The First Amendment was drafted by federalist Madison mainly as a political tactic to abolish anti-federalist resistance to the Constitution. After its passage in December of 1791, the First Amendment remained more idealistic than realistic. The First Amendment remained a set of ideals which were not to be carried out during its first century, then progressed to more realistic terms during its latter half of utilization. ? During the first century of the First Amendment, the First Amendment was paid a glance by all when it came to actually carrying out the freedoms guaranteed by this amendment. For example, in 1794, Pennsylvanian backcountry farmers protested a whiskey tax. The protesters were not violent such as those of the previous Shay's Rebellion. George Washington sent in a militia to crush the rebellion denying them of their First Amendment right to "peaceably assemble." Later, in 1836, anti sl avery newspaper editor James G. Birney had been warned that his newspaper "The Philanthropist" was not desirable in the city of Cincinatti. When Birney refused to cooperate, mob action took rule and, "scattered the type into the streets, tore down t he presses and completely dismantled the office." This contradicted the First Amendment which stated that, "freedom...of the press," is a constitutional right. The Supreme Court could do nothing about these situations when in Barron v. Baltimore, t he Court ruled that, "These amendments contain no expression indicating an intention to apply them to state governments. This court cannot so apply them." Thus, the Supreme Court could not interfere when First Amendments are being violated within a state. These acts were representative of the lack of recognition for our First Amendment rights during the first half of the Bill of Right's acceptance. ? The second half of the Bill of Rights was marked by a rebirth in which the Bill of Rights was no longer a set of ideals. The second half began when in 1925, the court ruled in Gitlow v. New York that the First Amendment supersedes state laws . This nullified the Court's ruling in Barron v. Baltimore, which took place 92 years earlier. Also, in 1931, the Court overturned Minnesota's conviction of Jay M. Near, whose anti Semitic "Saturday Press" violated Minnesota law which prohibited " malicious, scandalous and defamatory" remarks towards politicians and other public officials. The Court stamped Minnesota's law in violation of the First amendment. In 1937, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes overturned the conviction of Oregon Com munist Dirk De Jonge. De Jonge had been detained for attending a meeting to protest the police shooting of striking longshoremen. The Court ruled that "Peaceable assembly for lawful discussion cannot be made a crime." More recently, in 1985, the S upreme Court ruled that burning the American flag is protected by the First Amendment when the Court reversed the conviction of Gregory Lee Johnson, who was arrested for violation of the Flag Protection Act of 1989. The Court then ruled the Flag Protection Act of 1989 unconstitutional. These instances clearly portray the rebounding of libertarian beliefs. ? The First Amendment of the Constitution started off as a set of beliefs meant to supply reason for one being patriotic rather than supply those inalienable rights discussed in the Declaration of Independence. It then developed into a powerfu l document which is the only living manuscript which specificly lists out the peoples rights. One cannot look back without looking ahead. The supreme court currently is overwhelmingly conservative. Without the balance of conservatism and liberalism, a deficiency evolves. And this deficiency is human rights. The Supreme Court ruled in 1990 that two American Indians were not protected by the First Amendment when they religiously smoked peyote. This is only a sample of the conservatism

Riots essays

Riots essays Americas college campuses are once again aflame. But, in the 1990s, the riots are not fueled by politics, as they were in the 1960s, but by beer, liquor and drugs. University of Arizona, University of Maryland and Temple University have all recently experienced these unfortunate riots on their campuses, but it is truly at home with us, the students of the Pennsylvania State University. The riots began in 1998 during The Arts Festival that caused more damage than ever. Students lit piles of furniture on fire, dropped beer kegs from high balconies and ripped down every street lamp on East Beaver Avenue. After a year off in 1999, a milder sequel riot returned at the 2000 Arts Festival. Then, last month, a post-basketball-loss encouraged police to deliver pepper spray on the crowd as they were showered with glass bottles from above. Storeowners have suffered due to the late-night activities on East Beaver Avenue. Police protection now consists of protecting themselves while battling the drunken mobs. Alumni are disappointed with their alma mater, and some residents fear that the quality of life in their town is being dishonored. The riots have created a demoralizing trend that has effected and disrupted not only the community that surrounds Happy Valley but also the students. Penn State students are feeling the heat no matter which way you view this appalling situation. Whether they were the ones throwing the beer bottles or just standing on the sidewalks, students are finding themselves affected by each event as the riots continue to arise. Penn State students reputations are no longer based on their exceptional scholarship, but rather for their ridiculous, outrageous riots. President Grahm Spanier stated, From my perspective as president, the downtown riots have been very damaging to Penn State's reputation and the confidence that citizens, elected officials, parents, and a ...

Haptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Haptic - Essay Example Haptic is used in supporting cognitive tasks performance e.g. in children with low attention, mental problems and brain injury, by enhancing mental imagery and verbalization systems. Furthermore, haptic can be used in communication as it gives feedback at the point of interaction by the user (Hatzfeld and Kern 21). It also enables conveying of information in demanding environments. Haptic can also be used in tactile interfaces to help in navigation by the visually impaired and blind people (Henderson ‎and Pehoski 77). For haptic devices to be effective, there are functional and data requirements. These include reliability and uniformity so that consistent perceptual effects are obtained. Haptic devices should have sensing requirements for easy and faster input (Siciliano and ‎ Khatib 726). The sensing requirement helps in determining the state of the device. Haptic devices should have high power to weight ratio for excellent performance and good feedback. Also, to sense the user’s action, the haptic device should have high force or torque. A vending machine applies touch on a user interface for payment to be made. After payment is made, customers are provided with what they require for example a drink. Vending machines support a variety of payment methods such as coins, debit and credit cards, pay phones and online accounts such as Payoneer and PayPal. ii. Credit and debit cards provide more convenient ways of making payments as a customer does not have to worry about carrying cash or having it in the right denominations accepted by the machine. A card can be tapped or inserted into the machine to make the payment. iii. The use of pay phones is a recent development. Mobile service providers have come up with different applications that allow business transactions to be conducted using phones. This is also a convenient way of making payments without physical cash. iv. Online payment methods are increasingly being adopted in the modern